Components of Information Systems
1. Resources of people: (end users and IS specialists, system analyst, programmers, data administrators etc.).
2. Hardware: (Physical computer equipments and associate device, machines and media).
3. Software: (programs and procedures).
4. Data: (data and knowledge bases), and
5. Networks: (communications media and network support).
1. Resources of people: (end users and IS specialists, system analyst, programmers, data administrators etc.).
2. Hardware: (Physical computer equipments and associate device, machines and media).
3. Software: (programs and procedures).
4. Data: (data and knowledge bases), and
5. Networks: (communications media and network support).
People Resources
• End users: (also called users or clients) are people who use an information system or the information it produces. They can be accountants, salespersons, engineers, clerks, customers, or managers. Most of us are information system end users.
• IS Specialists: people who actually develop and operate information systems. They include systems analysts, programmers, testers, computer operators, and other managerial, technical, and clerical IS personnel. Briefly, systems analysts design information systems based on the information requirements of end uses, programmers prepare computer programs based on the specifications of systems analysts, and computer operators operate large computer systems.
Hardware Resources
• Machines: as computers and other equipment along with all data media, objects on which data is recorded and saved.
• Computer systems: consist of variety of interconnected peripheral devices. Examples are microcomputer systems, midrange computer systems, and large computer systems.
• End users: (also called users or clients) are people who use an information system or the information it produces. They can be accountants, salespersons, engineers, clerks, customers, or managers. Most of us are information system end users.
• IS Specialists: people who actually develop and operate information systems. They include systems analysts, programmers, testers, computer operators, and other managerial, technical, and clerical IS personnel. Briefly, systems analysts design information systems based on the information requirements of end uses, programmers prepare computer programs based on the specifications of systems analysts, and computer operators operate large computer systems.
Hardware Resources
• Machines: as computers and other equipment along with all data media, objects on which data is recorded and saved.
• Computer systems: consist of variety of interconnected peripheral devices. Examples are microcomputer systems, midrange computer systems, and large computer systems.
Software Resources
Software Resources includes all sets of information processing instructions. This generic concept of software includes not only the programs, which direct and control computers but also the sets of information processing (procedures). Software Resources includes:
• System software, such as an operating system
• Application software, which are programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by end users.
• Procedures, which are operating instructions for the people, who will use an information system. Examples are instructions for filling out a paper form or using a particular software package.
Software Resources includes all sets of information processing instructions. This generic concept of software includes not only the programs, which direct and control computers but also the sets of information processing (procedures). Software Resources includes:
• System software, such as an operating system
• Application software, which are programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by end users.
• Procedures, which are operating instructions for the people, who will use an information system. Examples are instructions for filling out a paper form or using a particular software package.
Data Resources
Data resources include data (which is raw material of information systems) and database. Data can take many forms, including traditional alphanumeric data, composed of numbers and alphabetical and other characters that describe business transactions and other events and entities. Text data, consisting of sentences and paragraphs used in written communications; image data, such as graphic shapes and figures; and audio data, the human voice and other sounds, are also important forms of data. Data resources must meet the following criteria:
• Comprehensiveness: means that all the data about the subject are actually present in the database.
• Non-redundancy: means that each individual piece of data exists only once in the database.
• Appropriate structure: means that the data are stored in such a way as to minimize the cost of expected processing and storage.
Network Resources
Telecommunications networks like the Internet, intranets, and extranets have become essential to the successful operations of all types of organizations and their computer-based information systems. Telecommunications networks consist of computers, communications processors, and other devices interconnected by communications media and controlled by communications software. The concept of Network Resources emphasizes that communications networks are a fundamental resource component of all information systems. Network resources include:
• Communications media: such as twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave systems, and communication satellite systems.
• Network support: This generic category includes all of the people, hardware, software, and data resources that directly support the operation and use of a communications network. Examples include communications control software such as network operating systems and Internet packages. (CMA DECEMBER – 2012 EXAMINATION)
Data resources include data (which is raw material of information systems) and database. Data can take many forms, including traditional alphanumeric data, composed of numbers and alphabetical and other characters that describe business transactions and other events and entities. Text data, consisting of sentences and paragraphs used in written communications; image data, such as graphic shapes and figures; and audio data, the human voice and other sounds, are also important forms of data. Data resources must meet the following criteria:
• Comprehensiveness: means that all the data about the subject are actually present in the database.
• Non-redundancy: means that each individual piece of data exists only once in the database.
• Appropriate structure: means that the data are stored in such a way as to minimize the cost of expected processing and storage.
Network Resources
Telecommunications networks like the Internet, intranets, and extranets have become essential to the successful operations of all types of organizations and their computer-based information systems. Telecommunications networks consist of computers, communications processors, and other devices interconnected by communications media and controlled by communications software. The concept of Network Resources emphasizes that communications networks are a fundamental resource component of all information systems. Network resources include:
• Communications media: such as twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave systems, and communication satellite systems.
• Network support: This generic category includes all of the people, hardware, software, and data resources that directly support the operation and use of a communications network. Examples include communications control software such as network operating systems and Internet packages. (CMA DECEMBER – 2012 EXAMINATION)
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